Thursday, July 13, 2023

Acute Cholecystitis

       Acute cholecystitis is swelling (inflammation) of the gallbladder. The gallbladder is a small, pear-shaped organ on the right side of the belly (abdomen), beneath the liver. The gallbladder holds a digestive fluid (bile) that's released into the small intestine. Acute cholecystitis is a potentially serious condition that usually needs to be treated in hospital.

Image From :  Dr Parag Dhamane


Causes
- Gall Stones
- Tumor
- Bile duct blockage
- Infections

Symptoms
➳ Severe pain in your upper right or center abdomen 
➳ Pain that spreads to your right shoulder or back 
➳ Tenderness over your abdomen when it's touched 
➳ Nausea 
➳ Vomiting 
➳ Fever
➳ Sweating
➳ Loss of appetite

Diagnosis
To diagnose acute cholecystitis, your GP will examine your abdomen.
- Murphy’s sign
- Blood Test
- Ultrasound scan of abdomen

Complications
If untreated, acute cholecystitis can lead to a serious complications, including:
1. Infection within the gallbladder
2. Death of gallbladder tissue
3. Torn gallbladder
4. Intraabdominal abscess

Prevention
Lose weight slowly
Maintain a healthy weight
Choose a healthy diet, balanced diet and reducing the number of high-cholesterol foods

Reference

Tuesday, June 20, 2023

Layers of the Scrotum : Mnemonics

Some Damn Englishmen Called It The Testis

SSkin 

DDartos 

EExternal spermatic fascia 

CCremaster muscle 

IInternal spermatic fascia 

TTunica vaginalis 

TTestis




Mpox (Monkeypox)

      Mpox (Monkeypox) is a viral zoonotic disease caused by the monkeypox virus. It can cause a painful rash, enlarged lymph nodes and fever. Most people fully recover, but some get very sick.

    The disease mpox (formerly monkeypox) is caused by the monkeypox virus (commonly abbreviated as MPXV), an enveloped double-stranded DNA virus of the Orthopoxvirus genus in the Poxviridae family, which includes variola, cowpox, vaccinia and other viruses. The two genetic clades of the virus are clades I and II.

Image source : WHO

Transmission

Person-to-person transmission of mpox can occur through direct contact with infectious skin or other lesions such as in the mouth or on genitals; this includes contact which is :

➥ face-to-face (talking or breathing) 

➥ skin-to-skin (touching or vaginal/anal sex) 

➥ mouth-to-mouth (kissing) 

➥ mouth-to-skin contact (oral sex or kissing the skin) 

➥ respiratory droplets or short-range aerosols from prolonged close contact


Signs & Symptoms

➸ Rash

➸ Fever 

➸ Headache 

➸ Sore throat

➸ Physical weakness 

➸ Lymph node swelling 

➸ Back pain and muscle aches


Diagnosis

Detection of viral DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is the preferred laboratory test for mpox. The best diagnostic specimens are taken directly from the rash – skin, fluid or crusts – collected by vigorous swabbing. In the absence of skin lesions, testing can be done on oropharyngeal, anal or rectal swabs.


Prevention

1. Avoiding contact with infected animals (especially sick or dead animals).

2. Avoiding contact with bedding and other materials contaminated with the virus.

3. Thoroughly cooking all foods that contain animal meat or parts.

4. Washing your hands frequently with soap and water.

5. Avoiding contact with people who may be infected with the virus.

6. Wearing a mask that covers your mouth and nose when around others.

7. Using personal protective equipment (PPE) when caring for people infected with the virus.


Reference :

1. WHO, Mpox (monkeypox), 2023.

2. Cleveland Clinic, Mpox, 2023.

Sunday, September 8, 2019

Amoxicillin (Antibiotic, Penicillins)

                   Amoxicillin is a penicillin antibiotic that fights bacteria. Amoxicillin is used to treat many different types of infection caused by bacteria, such as tonsillitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, gonorrhea, and infections of the ear, nose, throat, skin, or urinary tract.

Mechanism of Action
Bactericidal: inhibits synthesis of cell wall of sensitive organisms, causing cell death.

Indications
- Infections due to susceptible strains of Haemophilus influenzae, E. coli, Proteus mirabilis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, streptococci, nonpencillinase-producing staphylococci
- Unlabeld use: Chlamydia trachomatis in pregnancy.

Contraindications
Contraindicated in the presence of allergies to penicillins, cephalosporins, or other allergens.
Use caution in the presence of renal disorders, lactation.

Adverse Effects
CNS: Lethargy, hallucinations, seizures
GI: Glossitis, stomatitis, gastritis, sore mouth, furry tongue, black "hairy" tongue, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, bloody diarrhea, enterocolitis, pseudomembranous colitis, nonspecific hepatitis
Hematologic: Anemia, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, neutropenia, prolonged bleeding time
GU: Nephritis
Hypersensitivity reactions: Rash, fever, wheezing, anaphylaxis
Other: Superinfections-oral and rectal moniliasis, vaginitis

Pregnancy Category : B
Lactation : Excreted in Breast milk , use caution.

Source : 
1. Drugs.com
2. Doctors Lung


Shaken Baby Syndrome

          Shaken Baby Syndrome occurs when a baby or young child is shaken violently and sometimes repetitively (over and over), with or without the head hitting something. Also known as Shaken Impact Syndrome. The effects can be very serious and can include lifelong injury or even death.

Shaken Baby Syndrome is a type of abusive head trauma, which can cause:
- Damage to a child’s brain.
- Permanent disabilities, like blindness or paralysis.
- Death.

Source : Daddy Mind Tricks

Symptoms of Shaken Baby Syndrome
- Difficulty staying awake
- Body tremors
- Trouble breathing
- Poor eating
- Vomiting
- Discolored skin
- Deizures
- Coma
- Paralysis

How Is Shaken Baby Syndrome Diagnosed ?
To make a diagnosis, the doctor will look for the three conditions that often indicate shaken baby syndrome. These are:
- encephalopathy, or brain swelling
- subdural hemorrhage, or bleeding in the brain
- retinal hemorrhage, or bleeding in a part of the eye called the retina

The doctor will order a variety of tests to check for signs of brain damage and to help confirm the diagnosis. These tests may include:
- MRI scan, which uses powerful magnets and radio waves to produce detailed images of the brain
- CT scan, which creates clear, cross-sectional images of the brain
- skeletal X-ray, which reveals spine, rib, and skull fractures
- ophthalmic exam, which checks for eye injuries and bleeding in the eyes.

Source
1. Caring for Kids,  https://www.caringforkids.cps.ca/handouts/never_shake_a_baby
2. HealthLine.com, https://www.healthline.com/health/shaken-baby-syndrome

Friday, June 29, 2018

Top 10 Largest Organs of Human Body

1. Skin : about 10,886 grams

2. Liver : 1,560 grams


3. Brain : 1,263 grams


4. Lung : 1,090 grams


5. Heart : male-300g, female-250g


6. Kidney : 290 grams


7. Spleen : 170 grams


8. Pancreas : 98 grams


9. Thyroid : 35 grams


10. Prostate : 20 grams