Typhoid Fever or Enteric Fever is an acute, life-threatening febrile illness charaterized by a typical continuous fever for 3 to 4 weeks, relative bradycardia with involvement of lymphoid tissue and considerable constituinal symptoms. It is mainly caused by S. typhi or S. Paratyphi.
Typhoid fever occurs in all parts of the world where water supplies and sanitation are sub-standard. The disease is now uncommon in the developed countries where most of the cases that occur are either acquired abroad or imported by immigrants. In developing areas of Asia, Africa, Latin America. however, the disease continues to be a public health problem.
Incubation Period
Usually 10-14 days. But it may be as short as 3 days cr :.
long as three weeks depending upon the dose of the bac,. ,
ingested.
Mode of Transmission
1. It is transmitted via the faecal-oral route OR urine -oral routes.
2. Transmission through sexual contact, especially among men who have sex with men, has rarely been documented.
Clinical Features
1. First week :
- Gradual onset high grade fever (Stepladder pattern)
- Abdominal pain
- Constipation
- Diarrhoea, vomiting
- Relative bradycardia
- Generalized aches and pains
- Cough (Non-productive).
Related Article
- Typhoid Fever (Enteric Fever)
- Dengue Fever
- Fever and Rash Diagnosis
2. Second Week :
- Fever
- Pea-soup diarrhoea
- patient toxic look
- Abdominal distension
- Splenomegaly
- Rose spot on trunk
3. Third Week :
- Continuous fever
- More toxic look
- Delirium, confusion
- Marked abdominal distension
- Weight loss
4. Fourth Week :
- Gradualy improvement of mental state and abdominal distension.
Differential Diagnosis
1. Tuberculosis
2. Infective endocarditis
3. Malaria
4. Kala-azar
5. Brucellosis
6. Lymphoma
Investigation
[ BASU ]
B = Blood test (in 1st week)
A = Antigen-antibody test (in 2nd week)
S = Stool culture (in 3rd week)
U = Urine culture (in 4th week)
Treatment
1. General Measures :
- Bed Rest
- Good nursing care
- Maintenance of bowel & bladder function
- Prevention of bed-sore
- Fluid & electtrolyte balance
2. Specific Management :
- Antipyretic for fever
- Antimicrobial therapy eg. Ciprofloxacin (DOC), Amoxicillin, Cotrimoxazole, Ofloxacin
Complications
1. Bowel perforation
2. GI bleeding
3. Meningitis
4. Enteric encephalopathy
Prevention
1. Safe Water :
yphoid fever is a waterborne disease and the main preventive measure is to ensure access to safe water. The water needs to be of good quality and must be sufficient to supply all the community with enough drinking water as well as for all other domestic purposes such as cooking and washing.
2. Food Safety :
Typhoid can be transmitted by chronic carriers who do not apply satisfactory food-related hygiene practices. These carriers should be excluded from any activities involving food preparation and serving.
3. Sanitation :
Proper sanitation contributes to reducing the risk of transmission of all diarrhoeal pathogens including Salmonella typhi.
- Appropriate facilities for human waste disposal must be available for all the community. In an emergency, pit latrines can be quickly built.
- Collection and treatment of sewage, especially during the rainy season, must be implemented.
- In areas where typhoid fever is known to be present, the use of human excreta as fertilisers must be discouraged.
References
1. K. Park; Text Book of Preventivee & Social Medicine, 22th edition (2013)
2. Tilak Pathak; A Text Book of Clinical Medicine (2010)
3. WHO; The diagnosis, treatment and prevention of typhoid fever.
Related Article
- Typhoid Fever (Enteric Fever)
- Dengue Fever
- Fever and Rash Diagnosis
Typhoid fever occurs in all parts of the world where water supplies and sanitation are sub-standard. The disease is now uncommon in the developed countries where most of the cases that occur are either acquired abroad or imported by immigrants. In developing areas of Asia, Africa, Latin America. however, the disease continues to be a public health problem.
Incubation Period
Usually 10-14 days. But it may be as short as 3 days cr :.
long as three weeks depending upon the dose of the bac,. ,
ingested.
Mode of Transmission
1. It is transmitted via the faecal-oral route OR urine -oral routes.
2. Transmission through sexual contact, especially among men who have sex with men, has rarely been documented.
Clinical Features
1. First week :
- Gradual onset high grade fever (Stepladder pattern)
- Abdominal pain
- Constipation
- Diarrhoea, vomiting
- Relative bradycardia
- Generalized aches and pains
- Cough (Non-productive).
Related Article
- Typhoid Fever (Enteric Fever)
- Dengue Fever
- Fever and Rash Diagnosis
2. Second Week :
- Fever
- Pea-soup diarrhoea
- patient toxic look
- Abdominal distension
- Splenomegaly
- Rose spot on trunk
3. Third Week :
- Continuous fever
- More toxic look
- Delirium, confusion
- Marked abdominal distension
- Weight loss
4. Fourth Week :
- Gradualy improvement of mental state and abdominal distension.
Differential Diagnosis
1. Tuberculosis
2. Infective endocarditis
3. Malaria
4. Kala-azar
5. Brucellosis
6. Lymphoma
Investigation
[ BASU ]
B = Blood test (in 1st week)
A = Antigen-antibody test (in 2nd week)
S = Stool culture (in 3rd week)
U = Urine culture (in 4th week)
Treatment
1. General Measures :
- Bed Rest
- Good nursing care
- Maintenance of bowel & bladder function
- Prevention of bed-sore
- Fluid & electtrolyte balance
2. Specific Management :
- Antipyretic for fever
- Antimicrobial therapy eg. Ciprofloxacin (DOC), Amoxicillin, Cotrimoxazole, Ofloxacin
Complications
1. Bowel perforation
2. GI bleeding
3. Meningitis
4. Enteric encephalopathy
Prevention
1. Safe Water :
yphoid fever is a waterborne disease and the main preventive measure is to ensure access to safe water. The water needs to be of good quality and must be sufficient to supply all the community with enough drinking water as well as for all other domestic purposes such as cooking and washing.
2. Food Safety :
Typhoid can be transmitted by chronic carriers who do not apply satisfactory food-related hygiene practices. These carriers should be excluded from any activities involving food preparation and serving.
3. Sanitation :
Proper sanitation contributes to reducing the risk of transmission of all diarrhoeal pathogens including Salmonella typhi.
- Appropriate facilities for human waste disposal must be available for all the community. In an emergency, pit latrines can be quickly built.
- Collection and treatment of sewage, especially during the rainy season, must be implemented.
- In areas where typhoid fever is known to be present, the use of human excreta as fertilisers must be discouraged.
References
1. K. Park; Text Book of Preventivee & Social Medicine, 22th edition (2013)
2. Tilak Pathak; A Text Book of Clinical Medicine (2010)
3. WHO; The diagnosis, treatment and prevention of typhoid fever.
Related Article
- Typhoid Fever (Enteric Fever)
- Dengue Fever
- Fever and Rash Diagnosis
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My life is beautiful thanks to you, Mein Helfer. Lord Jesus in my life as a candle light in the darkness. You showed me the meaning of faith with your words. I know that even when I cried all day thinking about how to recover, you were not sleeping, you were dear to me. I contacted the herbal center Dr Itua, who lived in West Africa. A friend of mine here in Hamburg is also from Africa. She told me about African herbs but I was nervous. I am very afraid when it comes to Africa because I heard many terrible things about them because of my Christianity. god for direction, take a bold step and get in touch with him in the email and then move to WhatsApp, he asked me if I can come for treatment or I want a delivery, I told him I wanted to know him I buy ticket in 2 ways to Africa To meet Dr. Itua, I went there and I was speechless from the people I saw there. Patent, sick people. Itua is a god sent to the world, I told my pastor about what I am doing, Pastor Bill Scheer. We have a real battle beautifully with Spirit and Flesh. Adoration that same night. He prayed for me and asked me to lead. I spent 2 weeks and 2 days in Africa at Dr Itua Herbal Home. After the treatment, he asked me to meet his nurse for the HIV test when I did it. It was negative, I asked my friend to take me to another nearby hospital when I arrived, it was negative. I was overwhite with the result, but happy inside of me. We went with Dr. Itua, I thank him but I explain that I do not have enough to show him my appreciation, that he understands my situation, but I promise that he will testify about his good work. Thank God for my dear friend, Emma, I know I could be reading this now, I want to thank you. And many thanks to Dr. Itua Herbal Center. He gave me his calendar that I put on my wall in my house. Dr. Itua can also cure the following diseases ... Cancer, HIV, Herpes, Hepatitis B, Inflammatory Liver, Diabetis, Bladder Cancer,Colorectal Cancer,HPV,Breast Cancer,Kidney Cancer,Leukemia,Lun,Fribroid,Infertility,Parkinson's disease,Inflammatory bowel disease ,Fibromyalgia, recover your ex. You can contact him by email or whatsapp, @ .. drituaherbalcenter@gmail.com, phone number .. + 2348149277967 .. He is a good doctor, talk to him kindly. I'm sure he will also listen to you.
ReplyDeleteI was able to overcome senile dementia via a complete naturopathic process.
ReplyDeleteAbout two years ago, when I was 56, I started feeling foggy and had occasional memory lapses. My wife, Mary, started to notice it, too, but I also have hearing issues so she thought that was the problem. My memory problems worsened very gradually over the years, and we lived with it, compensating as needed. I became less social. After some months thereafter, it got to the point where we couldn’t keep making excuses or ignoring it. I had gone from doing our grocery shopping without a list to going with a list, to having the list but not buying what was on it.
Mary went online to do some research, and it was during this period we had been fortunate enough to come across Dr. Utu: an African herbalist and witch doctor whose professional works had majored on the eradication of certain viral conditions, especially dementia, ( improving the memory capacity positively), via a traditional, naturopathic process and distinguished diet plan. It was by the administration of this herbal specialist that I had been able to improve my condition for better. So to say, the encounter with the above-mentioned herbal practitioner was the first time we ever heard there was something that possibly can be done to improve my memory functionality.
By the existence of such an encounter, I was able to learn of the new approach by which this herbalist successfully treated dementia conditions, which included a distinguished herbal therapy and lifestyle changes of which I had undergone to a tremendous, positive effect.
It was after the completion of the herbal therapy I had started to experience a great deal of cognitive improvement when it came to rational decision making.
In brief, I was able to go through the dreadful hollows of senile dementia without any further hazardous damage to my health condition, and within a short period. Had it not been for the support of my wife, of whom had encouraged me to undergo the above-mentioned therapy and that of the herbal practitioner of whom now happens to be benefactor - I would have been long exposed to the further perils of this condition and of which had been apt to result to a calamitous end.
I would also wish for the same positiveness upon patients who may happen to be suffering from this debilitating disease, and would warmly beseech them to find a confidant like this herbal specialist with whose professional services I was able to attain a divine recovery.
For further information concerning this African traditional cure for Alzheimer's disease; feel free to contact Dr. Utu Herbal Cure, directly via email: drutuherbalcure@gmail.com