The menstrual cycle is the cycle of natural changes that occurs in the uterus and ovary as an essential part of making sexual reproduction possible. It is also known as Menstruation, Menses, Period. In humans, the length of a menstrual cycle varies greatly among women (ranging from 21 to 35 days), with 28 days designated as the average length. Each cycle can be divided into three phases based on events in the ovary (ovarian cycle) or in the uterus (uterine cycle).
The ovarian cycle consists of the follicular phase, ovulation, and luteal phase whereas the uterine cycle is divided into menstruation, proliferative phase, and secretory phase. Both cycles are controlled by the endocrine system and the normal hormonal changes that occur can be interfered with using hormonal contraception to prevent reproduction.
The menstrual cycle can be described by the ovarian or uterine cycle. The ovarian cycle describes changes that occur in the follicles of the ovary whereas the uterine cycle describes changes in the endometrial lining of the uterus. Both cycles can be divided into three phases. The ovarian cycle consists of the follicular phase, ovulation, and the luteal phase whereas the uterine cycle consists of menstruation, proliferative phase, and secretory phase.
The three phases of Menstrual cycle are :
1. Menstrual Period
✔ On Day 1 of your cycle, the thickened lining (endometrium) of the uterus begins to shed. You know this as menstrual bleeding from the vagina. A normal menstrual period can last 4 to 6 days.
✔ Most of your menstrual blood loss happens during the first 3 days.
✔ This is also when you might have cramping pain in your pelvis, legs, and back. Cramps can range from mild to severe. The cramping is your uterus contracting, helping the endometrium shed.
✔ In general, any premenstrual symptoms that you've felt before your period will go away during these first days of your cycle.
2. Follicular Phase
✔ During the follicular phase, an egg follicle on an ovary gets ready to release an egg.
✔ Usually, one egg is released each cycle.
✔ This process can be short or long and plays the biggest role in how long your cycle is. At the same time, the uterus starts growing a new endometrium to prepare for pregnancy.
✔ The last 5 days of the follicular phase, plus ovulation day, are your fertile window.
✔ This is when you are most likely to become pregnant if you have sex without using birth control.
3. Luteal (premenstrual) Phase
✔ This phase starts on ovulation day, the day the egg is released from the egg follicle on the ovary.
✔ It can happen any time from Day 7 to Day 22 of a normal menstrual cycle.
✔ During ovulation, some women have less than a day of red spotting or lower pelvic pain or discomfort (mittelschmerz).
✔ These signs of ovulation are normal.
A. If the egg is fertilized by sperm and then implants in (attaches to) the endometrium, a pregnancy begins. (This pregnancy is dated from Day 1 of this menstrual cycle.)
B. If the egg is not fertilized or does not implant, the endometrium begins to break down.
The ovarian cycle consists of the follicular phase, ovulation, and luteal phase whereas the uterine cycle is divided into menstruation, proliferative phase, and secretory phase. Both cycles are controlled by the endocrine system and the normal hormonal changes that occur can be interfered with using hormonal contraception to prevent reproduction.
The menstrual cycle can be described by the ovarian or uterine cycle. The ovarian cycle describes changes that occur in the follicles of the ovary whereas the uterine cycle describes changes in the endometrial lining of the uterus. Both cycles can be divided into three phases. The ovarian cycle consists of the follicular phase, ovulation, and the luteal phase whereas the uterine cycle consists of menstruation, proliferative phase, and secretory phase.
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The three phases of Menstrual cycle are :
1. Menstrual Period
✔ On Day 1 of your cycle, the thickened lining (endometrium) of the uterus begins to shed. You know this as menstrual bleeding from the vagina. A normal menstrual period can last 4 to 6 days.
✔ Most of your menstrual blood loss happens during the first 3 days.
✔ This is also when you might have cramping pain in your pelvis, legs, and back. Cramps can range from mild to severe. The cramping is your uterus contracting, helping the endometrium shed.
✔ In general, any premenstrual symptoms that you've felt before your period will go away during these first days of your cycle.
2. Follicular Phase
✔ During the follicular phase, an egg follicle on an ovary gets ready to release an egg.
✔ Usually, one egg is released each cycle.
✔ This process can be short or long and plays the biggest role in how long your cycle is. At the same time, the uterus starts growing a new endometrium to prepare for pregnancy.
✔ The last 5 days of the follicular phase, plus ovulation day, are your fertile window.
✔ This is when you are most likely to become pregnant if you have sex without using birth control.
3. Luteal (premenstrual) Phase
✔ This phase starts on ovulation day, the day the egg is released from the egg follicle on the ovary.
✔ It can happen any time from Day 7 to Day 22 of a normal menstrual cycle.
✔ During ovulation, some women have less than a day of red spotting or lower pelvic pain or discomfort (mittelschmerz).
✔ These signs of ovulation are normal.
A. If the egg is fertilized by sperm and then implants in (attaches to) the endometrium, a pregnancy begins. (This pregnancy is dated from Day 1 of this menstrual cycle.)
B. If the egg is not fertilized or does not implant, the endometrium begins to break down.
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