Myocarditis is inflammation of the myocardium, the muscular part of the heart. It can cause a mild disease without any symptoms that resolves itself, or it may cause chest pain, heart failure, or sudden death. An acute myocardial infarction-like syndrome with normal coronary arteries has a good prognosis. Heart failure, even with dilated left ventricle, may have a good prognosis. Ventricular arrhythmias and high-degree heart block have a poor prognosis. Loss of right ventricular function is a strong predictor of death. It is generally due to infection (viral or bacterial).
The exact incidence of myocarditis is unknown. However, in series of routine autopsies, 1-9% of all patients had evidence of myocardial inflammation. In young adults, up to 20% of all cases of sudden death are due to myocarditis.
Causes
1. Viral (e.g. Coxsackie virus, rubella virus, polio virus, cytomegalovirus, possibly hepatitis C)
2. Bacterial (e.g. brucella, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, gonococcus, Haemophilus influenzae, Tropheryma whipplei, and Vibrio cholerae).
3. Spirochetal (Borrelia burgdorferi and leptospirosis)
4. Protozoal (Toxoplasma gondii and Trypanosoma cruzi)
5. Fungal (e.g. actinomyces, aspergillus)
6. Parasitic: ascaris, Echinococcus granulosus, Paragonimus westermani, schistosoma, Taenia solium, Trichinella spiralis, visceral larva migrans, and Wuchereria bancrofti
7. Immunological : Allergic (e.g. acetazolamide, amitriptyline,), Rejection after a heart transplant, Autoantigens.
8. Drugs (e.g. anthracyclines and some other forms of chemotherapy, ethanol)
9. Toxins (e.g. arsenic, carbon monoxide, snake venom)
10. Physical agents (electric shock, hyperpyrexia, and radiation)
Signs and Symptoms
The signs and symptoms associated with myocardits are varied, and relate either to the actual inflammation of the myocardium, or the weakness of the heart muscle that is secondary to the inflammation. Signs and symptoms of myocarditis include :
1. Sudden death (in young adults, myocarditis causes up to 20% of all cases of sudden death)
2. Congestive heart failure (leading to edema, breathlessness and hepatic congestion)
3. Palpitations (due to Arrhythmias)
4. Chest pain
5. Fever (especially when infectious, e.g. in rheumatic fever)
Since myocarditis is often due to a viral illness, many patients give a history of symptoms consistent with a recent viral infection, including fever, joint pains, and easy fatigueability.
Myocarditis is often associated with pericarditis, and many patients present with signs and symptoms that suggest concurrent myocarditis and pericarditis.
Diagnosis
1. Myocardial inflammation can be suspected on the basis of electrocardiographic results (ECG), elevated CRP and/or ESR and increased IgM (serology) against viruses known to affect the myocardium. Markers of myocardial damage (Troponin or Creatine Kinase cardiac isoenzymes) are elevated.
2. The EKG findings most commonly sene in myocarditis is diffuse T wave inversions, without shifts in the ST segment.
3. The gold standard is still biopsy of the myocardium, generally done in the setting of angiography. A small tissue sample of the endocardium and myocardium is taken, and investigated by a pathologist by light microscopy and - if necessary - immunochemistry and special staining methods.
Treatment
Bacterial infections are treated with antibiotics, dependant on the nature of the pathogen and its sensitivity to antibiotics. As most viral infections cannot be treated with directed therapy, symptomatic treatment is the only form of therapy for those forms of myocarditis, e.g. diuretics and/or inotropes for ventricular failure.
The exact incidence of myocarditis is unknown. However, in series of routine autopsies, 1-9% of all patients had evidence of myocardial inflammation. In young adults, up to 20% of all cases of sudden death are due to myocarditis.
Causes
1. Viral (e.g. Coxsackie virus, rubella virus, polio virus, cytomegalovirus, possibly hepatitis C)
2. Bacterial (e.g. brucella, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, gonococcus, Haemophilus influenzae, Tropheryma whipplei, and Vibrio cholerae).
3. Spirochetal (Borrelia burgdorferi and leptospirosis)
4. Protozoal (Toxoplasma gondii and Trypanosoma cruzi)
5. Fungal (e.g. actinomyces, aspergillus)
6. Parasitic: ascaris, Echinococcus granulosus, Paragonimus westermani, schistosoma, Taenia solium, Trichinella spiralis, visceral larva migrans, and Wuchereria bancrofti
7. Immunological : Allergic (e.g. acetazolamide, amitriptyline,), Rejection after a heart transplant, Autoantigens.
8. Drugs (e.g. anthracyclines and some other forms of chemotherapy, ethanol)
9. Toxins (e.g. arsenic, carbon monoxide, snake venom)
10. Physical agents (electric shock, hyperpyrexia, and radiation)
Signs and Symptoms
The signs and symptoms associated with myocardits are varied, and relate either to the actual inflammation of the myocardium, or the weakness of the heart muscle that is secondary to the inflammation. Signs and symptoms of myocarditis include :
1. Sudden death (in young adults, myocarditis causes up to 20% of all cases of sudden death)
2. Congestive heart failure (leading to edema, breathlessness and hepatic congestion)
3. Palpitations (due to Arrhythmias)
4. Chest pain
5. Fever (especially when infectious, e.g. in rheumatic fever)
Since myocarditis is often due to a viral illness, many patients give a history of symptoms consistent with a recent viral infection, including fever, joint pains, and easy fatigueability.
Myocarditis is often associated with pericarditis, and many patients present with signs and symptoms that suggest concurrent myocarditis and pericarditis.
Diagnosis
1. Myocardial inflammation can be suspected on the basis of electrocardiographic results (ECG), elevated CRP and/or ESR and increased IgM (serology) against viruses known to affect the myocardium. Markers of myocardial damage (Troponin or Creatine Kinase cardiac isoenzymes) are elevated.
2. The EKG findings most commonly sene in myocarditis is diffuse T wave inversions, without shifts in the ST segment.
3. The gold standard is still biopsy of the myocardium, generally done in the setting of angiography. A small tissue sample of the endocardium and myocardium is taken, and investigated by a pathologist by light microscopy and - if necessary - immunochemistry and special staining methods.
Treatment
Bacterial infections are treated with antibiotics, dependant on the nature of the pathogen and its sensitivity to antibiotics. As most viral infections cannot be treated with directed therapy, symptomatic treatment is the only form of therapy for those forms of myocarditis, e.g. diuretics and/or inotropes for ventricular failure.
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ReplyDeleteAbout two years ago, when I was 56, I started feeling foggy and had occasional memory lapses. My wife, Mary, started to notice it, too, but I also have hearing issues so she thought that was the problem. My memory problems worsened very gradually over the years, and we lived with it, compensating as needed. I became less social. After some months thereafter, it got to the point where we couldn’t keep making excuses or ignoring it. I had gone from doing our grocery shopping without a list to going with a list, to having the list but not buying what was on it.
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